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Backward Induction Calculator

Free online backward induction calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.

中文版:逆向归纳计算器

Backward Induction Calculator
四个叶子收益(玩家1, 玩家2)× 4:左-左、左-右、右-左、右-右,逗号分隔 8 个数

原理:扩展式博弈(先后手行动的博弈树)用逆向归纳求解——从最末端的决策节点倒推:先假设玩家2 在每个分支选对自己最优的叶子,玩家1 再在「玩家2 的最优反应」之间选对自己最优的分支。得到的均衡同时是每个子博弈的纳什均衡,称子博弈完美均衡。

步骤:① 按左-左、左-右、右-左、右-右顺序输入 4 个叶子的双人收益;② 点击求解;③ 查看每层的选择路径与均衡收益。

示例:叶子 (3, 1)、(1, 2)、(0, 1)、(2, 0) 时,玩家2 在左分支选 r(收益 2 高于 1),在右分支选 l(1 高于 0),玩家1 于是选 L,均衡收益为 (1, 2)。

注意事项:逆向归纳要求收益共同知识且双方完全理性;它可能剔除了「不可置信威胁」——比如玩家2 声称要选对玩家1 不利的分支,但真到那一步时该选择对自己并非最优,逆向归纳自动忽略这种空头威胁;实际行为实验显示人类常在末端节点偏离理论预测。

相关:纳什均衡计算器给出策略式博弈的均衡;蜈蚣式两阶段结构正是逆向归纳的教科书案例;期望值计算器可扩展到随机节点。

How to use the Backward Induction Calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
  2. The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
  3. Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.

Frequently asked questions

Is the Backward Induction Calculator free?

Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.

Is there a Chinese version of this tool?

Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.

References

Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.

  1. dlmf.nist.gov
  2. mathworld.wolfram.com
Kevin's profile

KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-05

Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.

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