Backward Induction Calculator
Free online backward induction calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.
中文版:逆向归纳计算器
原理:扩展式博弈(先后手行动的博弈树)用逆向归纳求解——从最末端的决策节点倒推:先假设玩家2 在每个分支选对自己最优的叶子,玩家1 再在「玩家2 的最优反应」之间选对自己最优的分支。得到的均衡同时是每个子博弈的纳什均衡,称子博弈完美均衡。
步骤:① 按左-左、左-右、右-左、右-右顺序输入 4 个叶子的双人收益;② 点击求解;③ 查看每层的选择路径与均衡收益。
示例:叶子 (3, 1)、(1, 2)、(0, 1)、(2, 0) 时,玩家2 在左分支选 r(收益 2 高于 1),在右分支选 l(1 高于 0),玩家1 于是选 L,均衡收益为 (1, 2)。
注意事项:逆向归纳要求收益共同知识且双方完全理性;它可能剔除了「不可置信威胁」——比如玩家2 声称要选对玩家1 不利的分支,但真到那一步时该选择对自己并非最优,逆向归纳自动忽略这种空头威胁;实际行为实验显示人类常在末端节点偏离理论预测。
相关:纳什均衡计算器给出策略式博弈的均衡;蜈蚣式两阶段结构正是逆向归纳的教科书案例;期望值计算器可扩展到随机节点。
How to use the Backward Induction Calculator
- Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
- The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
- Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.
Frequently asked questions
Is the Backward Induction Calculator free?
Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.
Is there a Chinese version of this tool?
Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.
References
Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.
KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-05
Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.
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