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Ehrenfest Urn Calculator

Free online ehrenfest urn calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.

中文版:埃伦费斯特瓮计算器

Ehrenfest Urn Calculator
球数 N(两个瓮之间随机移动)

原理:埃伦费斯特瓮是热力学第二定律的概率模型——N 个球在两个瓮间每步随机选一球移到另一瓮。球数偏向均匀(两瓮各半),稳态分布是二项分布 C(N,k)/2ᴺ;从半数状态出发回到该状态的期望时间是 2ᴺ/C(N,N/2),随 N 指数增长——这正是「熵增容易熵减难」的数学表达。

步骤:① 输入球数 N;② 点击分析;③ 读出稳态峰值概率与期望返回时间。

示例:N = 10 时两瓮各 5 个的稳态概率 0.24609375,期望返回时间 4.063492063492 步;N = 4 时返回时间只有 2.666666666667 步——系统越大,自发回到均衡态越罕见。

注意事项:期望返回时间大不代表链混合慢,单步转移仍很快;本模型每个球被选中的概率相等,带偏好的变体会改变稳态分布;N 较大时 C(N,N/2) 数值很大,工具内部用乘积式组合数避免溢出。

相关:二项分布计算器给出稳态分布的形状;平稳分布计算器处理一般转移矩阵;熵相关工具可扩展比较微观状态数。

How to use the Ehrenfest Urn Calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
  2. The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
  3. Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.

Frequently asked questions

Is the Ehrenfest Urn Calculator free?

Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.

Is there a Chinese version of this tool?

Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.

References

Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.

  1. dlmf.nist.gov
  2. mathworld.wolfram.com
Kevin's profile

KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-05

Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.

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