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Pigeonhole Principle Calculator

Free online pigeonhole principle calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.

中文版:鸽笼原理下界计算器

Pigeonhole Principle Calculator
对象数 n(鸽子/球/袜子,≤ 10¹²)
类别数 m(笼/箱/颜色,≤ 10⁹)

原理:鸽笼原理(抽屉原理):n + 1 个对象放进 n 个盒子,必有一个盒子装至少 2 个。一般形式:n 个对象、m 个类别,必有一类至少含 ⌈n/m⌉ 个对象。它不告诉你哪个笼子、也不给出具体分配,只保证「最满笼」的下界。反过来的加强形式(k+1 只鸽 n 个笼 → 必有笼 ≥ 2)是无数存在性证明的核心:13 人中必有两人同星座(12 星座)、任意 367 人中必有两人同天生日(闰年 366 天)。

步骤:输入对象数 n 与类别数 m,工具输出 ⌈n/m⌉ 下界、平均值 n/m 与结论文字;n ≤ m 时提示原理不激活。

示例:10 只袜 3 种颜色 → 至少 4 只同色;13 人 12 星座 → 至少 2 人同星座;100 球 7 箱 → 至少 15 球同箱;52 张牌 4 花色 → 至少 13 张同花色;366 天中任取 367 人 → 至少 2 人同天生日。

注意事项:下界 ⌈n/m⌉ 是保证值而非典型值——实际最满笼可能更多;「保证同色对」要看清对象:10 只袜 3 色「至少 4 只同色」才保证 2 双(4 只同色可配 2 对 + 剩余另配,需按对数重算);大数输入用上取整而非浮点(10¹² / 3 的浮点误差会把 333333333333.33… 取错);鸽笼原理也适用于无穷版本(无穷只鸽放进有限笼必有笼含无穷只)。

相关:生日悖论工具研究「碰撞概率」的概率版(鸽笼的定量近似);排列组合工具计算对象与类别的精细分配;概率工具把「至少」从确定保证放宽为高概率;骰子工具的重复点数是鸽笼原理的随机实验版。

How to use the Pigeonhole Principle Calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
  2. The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
  3. Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.

Frequently asked questions

Is the Pigeonhole Principle Calculator free?

Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.

Is there a Chinese version of this tool?

Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.

References

Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.

  1. dlmf.nist.gov
  2. mathworld.wolfram.com
Kevin's profile

KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-02

Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.

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