Bertrand Paradox Calculator
Free online bertrand paradox calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.
中文版:伯特兰悖论在线计算器
原理:在单位圆内随机取一条弦,「弦长大于内接等边三角形边长 √3」的概率是多少?1889 年伯特兰指出:答案取决于「随机」的定义——三种同样自然的均匀机制给出三个不同答案。机制一(随机端点):圆周上独立均匀取两点,弦长 = 2sin(Δθ/2),大弦 ⟺ 圆心角超过 120°,概率 = 1/3;机制二(随机半径):随机取半径再在半径上均匀取中点,距心 d < 1/2 的概率 = 1/2;机制三(随机中点):在圆盘内均匀取中点,中点落在半径 1/2 的内圆里的概率 = 面积比 = 1/4。这个悖论是几率的经典定义(不充分理由原则)失效的著名案例,直接推动了概率公理化(Kolmogorov 公理体系要求先指定 σ-代数与测度)。
步骤:输入蒙特卡洛试验次数 N,程序用同一伪随机流分别按三种机制抽弦并统计大弦频率,与三个解析答案并列展示。
示例:N = 200000 时三条模拟频率各自贴近 1/3、1/2、1/4(模拟标准误约 0.001);解析值恒为 0.333333333333、0.500000000000、0.250000000000;距心 0.5 处的弦长恰为 1.732050807569(= √3,临界位置)。
注意事项:蒙特卡洛结果有统计涨落(N 越大越稳),但三条频率的相对次序在任何一次运行中都保持 1/4 < 1/3 < 1/2;三种机制各自的「均匀」定义互不兼容——不存在对三者同时公平的弦分布;本工具使用固定种子的 mulberry32 伪随机流,结果可复现。
相关:蒙提霍尔问题是「直觉概率与条件概率冲突」的姊妹案例;生日问题展示均匀假设下的反直觉数值;期望值工具给出概率测度积分的通式。
How to use the Bertrand Paradox Calculator
- Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
- The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
- Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.
Frequently asked questions
Is the Bertrand Paradox Calculator free?
Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.
Is there a Chinese version of this tool?
Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.
References
Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.
KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-01
Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.
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