Nephroid Calculator
Free online nephroid calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.
中文版:肾脏线在线计算器
原理
肾脏线(nephroid)是半径 r 的圆沿半径 R = 2r 的固定圆外侧滚动、圆上定点生成的外摆线,含 3 个尖点。参数式 x = 3r·cos t − r·cos 3t、y = 3r·sin t − r·sin 3t。速度模 |v| = 6r·sin t(一个瓣内),积得周长 8(R+r) = 24r;面积代入外摆线公式 π(R+r)(R+2r) = 12πr²。
名字来自希腊语 nephros(肾):两瓣之间的轮廓像肾脏。茶杯反光焦散线正是肾脏线——阳光下杯壁内缘的亮弧。
使用步骤
① 输入滚动圆半径 r;② 计算面积与周长;③ 需要作图时用参数式取点(结果区给出 t = 1 的示例点)。
计算示例
r = 1:A = 12π = 37.699111843078,L = 24.000000000000;固定圆直径 4;t = 1 时点 ≈ (2.610899414205, 2.383292946364)。
注意事项
工程上「nephroid」有时指双卵形 nephroid 曲面(椭球截体),与本曲线不同。本工具仅处理外摆线意义下的肾脏线。焦散线应用中 r 对应杯底半径,亮弧按本曲线缩放。
常见问题
Q:与 cardioid 的关系?A:cardioid 是 R = r 的外摆线(2 个尖点算 1 个重合),nephroid 是 R = 2r(3 个尖点)。周长 8(R+r) 与面积 π(R+r)(R+2r) 两个公式在 198 批 epicycloid 工具里通用。
Q:为什么咖啡杯焦散线是肾脏线?A:圆弧内壁的入射平行光经一次反射后,反射光线的包络线恰为肾脏线,这是凯莱与德洛内 19 世纪就证明的经典结论。
参考值区(GL16 数值校验同源)
r = 1:shoelace 72 万点 A = 37.699111843078、L = 24.000000000000,与解析式一致。
How to use the Nephroid Calculator
- Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
- The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
- Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.
Frequently asked questions
Is the Nephroid Calculator free?
Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.
Is there a Chinese version of this tool?
Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.
References
Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.
KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-09-29
Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.
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