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Nephroid Calculator

Free online nephroid calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.

中文版:肾脏线在线计算器

Nephroid Calculator
滚动圆半径 r(外摆线 R = 2r)

原理

肾脏线(nephroid)是半径 r 的圆沿半径 R = 2r 的固定圆外侧滚动、圆上定点生成的外摆线,含 3 个尖点。参数式 x = 3r·cos t − r·cos 3t、y = 3r·sin t − r·sin 3t。速度模 |v| = 6r·sin t(一个瓣内),积得周长 8(R+r) = 24r;面积代入外摆线公式 π(R+r)(R+2r) = 12πr²。

名字来自希腊语 nephros(肾):两瓣之间的轮廓像肾脏。茶杯反光焦散线正是肾脏线——阳光下杯壁内缘的亮弧。

使用步骤

① 输入滚动圆半径 r;② 计算面积与周长;③ 需要作图时用参数式取点(结果区给出 t = 1 的示例点)。

计算示例

r = 1:A = 12π = 37.699111843078,L = 24.000000000000;固定圆直径 4;t = 1 时点 ≈ (2.610899414205, 2.383292946364)。

注意事项

工程上「nephroid」有时指双卵形 nephroid 曲面(椭球截体),与本曲线不同。本工具仅处理外摆线意义下的肾脏线。焦散线应用中 r 对应杯底半径,亮弧按本曲线缩放。

常见问题

Q:与 cardioid 的关系?A:cardioid 是 R = r 的外摆线(2 个尖点算 1 个重合),nephroid 是 R = 2r(3 个尖点)。周长 8(R+r) 与面积 π(R+r)(R+2r) 两个公式在 198 批 epicycloid 工具里通用。

Q:为什么咖啡杯焦散线是肾脏线?A:圆弧内壁的入射平行光经一次反射后,反射光线的包络线恰为肾脏线,这是凯莱与德洛内 19 世纪就证明的经典结论。

参考值区(GL16 数值校验同源)

r = 1:shoelace 72 万点 A = 37.699111843078、L = 24.000000000000,与解析式一致。

How to use the Nephroid Calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
  2. The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
  3. Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.

Frequently asked questions

Is the Nephroid Calculator free?

Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.

Is there a Chinese version of this tool?

Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.

References

Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.

  1. dlmf.nist.gov
  2. mathworld.wolfram.com
Kevin's profile

KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-09-29

Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.

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