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Quadratic Residues Calculator

Free online quadratic residues calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.

中文版:二次剩余在线计算器

Quadratic Residues Calculator
整数 a
奇模数 n(≥ 3)

原理:若 x² ≡ a (mod p) 有解,称 a 是模 p 的二次剩余。欧拉判据:对奇素数 p,a^((p−1)/2) ≡ 1 则剩余、≡ −1 则非剩余——这就是勒让德符号 (a|p)。二次互反律把 (p|q) 与 (q|p) 联系起来(p、q 均为奇素数时 (p|q)(q|p) = (−1)^((p−1)(q−1)/4)),加上补律 (2|p) = (−1)^((p²−1)/8)(p ≡ ±1 mod 8 时为 1)。雅可比符号 (a|n) 把定义推广到奇合数 n,但它为 1 不能推出可解性。

步骤:输入 a 与奇模数 n。工具先检测 n 是否(大概率)素数:素数走欧拉判据给出勒让德符号,并在有解时返回最小平方根(p ≡ 3 mod 4 用公式 a^((p+1)/4),否则在 1..p−1 内搜索);合数走二次互反律递归的雅可比符号,并明确提示「伪剩余」风险。

示例:(3|7) = -1(3 是模 7 的非剩余);(2|7) = 1(3² = 9 ≡ 2);(5|13) = -1;(10|21) 的雅可比 = -1((10|3)(10|7) = 1·(−1));模 7 的平方根:x² ≡ 2 的解 x = 3 与 4。

注意事项:模数必须是奇数;合数分母上雅可比为 1 时可能无解(如 2 模 15 的雅可比为 1 但 x² ≡ 2 (mod 15) 无解),素性检测用费马概率式(卡迈克尔数会误报,参见素数分类工具);平方根搜索在 p 很大且 p ≡ 1 mod 4 时较慢(上限 10⁵);勒让德符号为 0 表示 p 整除 a。

相关:模运算工具给出同余的计算基础;欧拉函数与费马小定理工具支撑欧拉判据;原根工具把二次剩余扩展到指数表;中国剩余定理工具处理合数模数的分解求解。

How to use the Quadratic Residues Calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
  2. The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
  3. Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.

Frequently asked questions

Is the Quadratic Residues Calculator free?

Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.

Is there a Chinese version of this tool?

Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.

References

Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.

  1. dlmf.nist.gov
  2. mathworld.wolfram.com
Kevin's profile

KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-02

Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.

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