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St Petersburg Paradox Calculator

Free online st petersburg paradox calculator. Enter your values and get instant results with the formula, step-by-step working, a worked example and FAQs — everything runs locally in your browser on Calcton, no signup required.

中文版:圣彼得堡悖论期望计算器

St Petersburg Paradox Calculator
抛掷次数上限 n(观察前 n 项)

原理:抛均匀硬币直到首次正面,若第 k 次才出现正面则赔付 2^(k−1) 元。1538 年卡尔达诺提出、1738 年尼古拉·伯努利在圣彼得堡科学院定稿的这个游戏,期望收益 = Σ 2^(k−1)·2^(−k) = Σ 1/2 = ∞,但几乎没人愿意付超过几元钱入场——期望发散与直觉估值之间的鸿沟即「圣彼得堡悖论」。理性化的三条经典出路:其一,有限财富截断——庄家最多赔 2^n 时期望恰为 n/2 + 1(n = 30 也不到 17 元);其二,效用理论——伯努利用对数效用 U(w) = ln w,期望效用 = Σ 2^(−k)·ln 2^(k−1) = ln 2 ≈ 0.6931,对应公平定价约 2 元;其三,√ 效用给出精确值 (2 + √2)/2 = 1 + √2/2 ≈ 1.7071。

步骤:输入观察上限 n,输出第 n 项赔付、级数前 n 项贡献(每项恒 0.5,级数发散的直接证据)、庄家封顶 2^n 时的截断期望,以及两种效用函数下的定价。

示例:n = 10 时前 10 项贡献 = 5.000000000000,封顶期望 = 6.000000000000;n = 3 时封顶期望 = 2.500000000000;√ 效用定价 = 1.707106781187(理论值 1.707106781187),对数效用 = 0.693147180560(理论值 ln 2 = 0.693147180560);第 21 次才正面已需赔付 1048576 元。

注意事项:n 上限 60(2^59 已约 5.8 × 10^17,超出日常金额量级);「期望无穷大」依赖庄家拥有无限资金与无限信用;效用定价对效用函数的选择敏感——悖论的本质是期望值准则在重尾分布上的失效,而非数学错误。

相关:期望值工具给出离散期望的定义式;赌徒破产问题展示有限资金下的对赌结局;凯利公式把效用最大化落实到下注比例。

How to use the St Petersburg Paradox Calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs with your own numbers — every field shows what it expects.
  2. The result updates instantly as you type; no "Calculate" click needed.
  3. Read the result card for the main figure, the step-by-step formula, and practical notes.

Frequently asked questions

Is the St Petersburg Paradox Calculator free?

Yes — all math calculators on Calcton are free, with no sign-up required. Your inputs are processed in your browser and never sent to a server.

Is there a Chinese version of this tool?

Yes. Use the Chinese version link above — it is the same calculator with the interface in Simplified Chinese.

References

Formulas and benchmarks used by this calculator follow these published sources.

  1. dlmf.nist.gov
  2. mathworld.wolfram.com
Kevin's profile

KevinContent LeadCalcton Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-10-01

Kevin maintains Calcton's formula verification and content: every calculator cites the standard it implements, worked examples are recomputed programmatically, and health benchmarks follow WHO and international guidelines.

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